Vaccination, Types of Vaccination|ICDS Supervisor Exam Kerala PSC
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Vaccination, Types of Vaccination |
Vaccination
A vaccine is a suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that is
used to induce immunity.
In 1798 Edward Jenner inoculated people with cowpox in an
attempt to prevent smallpox.
Cowpox is a mild disease that causes
lesions on cows’ udders; dairymaids’ hands often became infected
during milking and after this they become immune to Small pox.
To
honor Jenner’s work, the term vaccination (from the Latin vacca,
meaning cow) was coined.
Two centuries later, the disease of smallpox
has been eliminated worldwide by vaccination, and two other viral
diseases, measles and polio, are also targeted for elimination.
Principles and Effects of Vaccination
In a vaccination against small pox The injection/by skin scratches,
provoked a primary immune response in the recipients, leading to the
formation of antibodies and long-term memory cells.
Later, when the
recipient encountered the smallpox virus, the memory cells were
stimulated, producing a rapid, intense secondary immune response.
Many communicable diseases can be controlled by behavioral and
environmental methods. For example, proper sanitation can prevent
the spread of cholera, and the use of condoms can slow the spread of
sexually transmitted infections.
Viral diseases, however, often cannot
be effectively treated once contracted.
Therefore, vaccination is
frequently the only feasible method of controlling viral disease.
Types of Vaccines
There are now several basic types of vaccine.
Some of the newer
vaccines take full advantage of knowledge and technology developed in
recent years.
Live Attenuated Vaccines
In this type of vaccine Live Attenuated viruses are used to develop
immunity against a specific disease.
In the autumn of 1881 Louis
Pasteur used the culture that had been left on the bench during the
summer to inoculate some chickens to cause cases of chicken cholera,
the birds remained healthy.
A fresh culture of the pathogen was then
used to inoculate these birds, but, surprisingly, they remained healthy.
Pasteur concluded that the culture left on the bench that summer had
been weakened and was now unable to cause disease—but had
rendered the chickens immune.
Live vaccines more closely mimic an actual infection.
Lifelong
immunity, especially in the case of viruses, is often achieved without
booster immunizations, this long-term effectiveness probably occurs
because the attenuated viruses replicate in the body, increasing the
original dose and acting as a series of secondary (booster)
immunizations.
Inactivated Killed Vaccines
Inactivated killed vaccines use microbes that have been killed,
usually by formalin or phenol. Inactivated virus vaccines used in
humans include those against rabies, influenza and polio.
Generally
speaking, these vaccines are considered safer than live vaccines.
Compared to live attenuated vaccines, these inactivated vaccines often
require repeated booster doses.
They also induce a mostly humoral
antibody immunity, which makes them less effective than attenuated
vaccines in inducing cellular immunity.
Conjugated Vaccines
Conjugated vaccines have been developed in recent years to deal with
the poor immune response of children to vaccines based on capsular
polysaccharides.
polysaccharides are T-independent antigens;
children’s immune systems do not respond well to these antigens until
the age of 15 to 24 months.
Therefore, the polysaccharides are
combined with proteins such as diphtheria or tetanus toxoid; this
approach has led to the very successful vaccine for Haemophilus
influenzae type b (Hib), which gives significant protection even at 2
months.
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