Child Development ICDS Supervisor Exam|Kerala PSC ICDS Supervisor Exam Questions
Development is a process that includes growth, maturation and learning. Growth
denotes change in size, length, height and weight. In other words, it signifi es a change
in the quantitative aspect of a person. Maturation, on the other hand, is highly related
to heredity. We can also understand maturation as accruing free from specifi c experiences.
The learning process of development manifests as a change in behaviour arising
out of past experiences. Though this notion has been challenged, it is still very prominent
in developmental psychology.
There are marked differences between growth and development. As has been mentioned
above growth is related to change in the physical aspect of a person and perceived
as a quantitative change. Whereas, development stands for a series of changes
leading to the orderly achievement of maturity and is qualitative in nature. Growth
can be defined as one part of development, whereas, development is associated with
overall change in a person’s growth. Growth can be measured but development can
only be assessed. Growth will bring about development, but it is not a pre-condition for
development. That is, development can occur without growth.
Stages of Development
Prenatal Period : Until birth
Infancy : Birth to 2 weeks
Babyhood : 2 weeks to 2 years
Childhood : 2 years to 10–12 years
Early childhood (2 years to 6 years)
Later childhood (6 years to 12 years)
Pre-Adolescence : Girls (11 years to 13 years)
Boys (12 Years to 14 years)
Adolescence : 13 years to 17 years
Later Adolescence : 17 years to 19–20 years
Adulthood : 21 years to 40 years
Middle Age : 40 years to 60 years
Old Age : 60 onwards
It is important to understand that every child is unique in terms of his/her development
though there are some common characteristics shared by all children with few differences.
The table given below shows the different stages of development and their
associated functions, as seen in most children.
Among the different phases of life indicated in above table, three stages – early
childhood, later childhood and adolescence – are critical for a child’s overall development
and education and are described here in detail.
Development in Early Childhood: (2–6 Years)
This is a stage where children like to do work independently. They do not like anyone
to intervene in their work. Children show aggression, disobedience and antagonistic
behaviour at this stage. They spend a lot of time playing with toys.
At this stage, children are ready for school. Though not exposed to mainstream education,
they start going to preparatory classes such as pre-school and play school. Their
social life improve, though they often prefer to keep themselves busy in their own activities.
They become self-centric and find it difficult to understand others’ perspective.
Children are very curious at this stage; they love to experiment with the things they
can lay their hands upon, sometimes even breaking their toys or other objects in the
process. Children observe elders, cartoon characters and other people whom they interact
with and try to imitate their behaviour.
Development in Later Childhood: (6–12 Years)
This stage is known by many names such as troublesome stage and elementary school
stage. In this stage, children tend to devote more time to their peer group than to their
parents. They actively seek acceptance from peers. Very often, they fight with each
other over petty things such as using each others’ toys, dresses or books, while playing
or watching their favourite TV programme.
This stage is very significant in the development process. As children start going to
school, they engage themselves with academic activities. They start making friends at
this stage and a few of these friendships may even continue in later stages. Whatever
they learn and experience at this stage, greatly influence their later life, academically
and otherwise. They develop their creative potential at this stage.
Development in Adolescence (13–19 Years)
This is the most critical stage of development in a person’s life. Children face many social,
biological and personal changes during this stage. These changes make adolescence a
difficult period to manage. Some people call this a ‘stage of stress and storm.’ This is a
transitional stage where children learn new behaviours and strive to be socially accepted.
Adolescents are sometimes confused about their identity and are unable to make up
their minds on whether that they are grown-ups or if they are still children. One of the
reasons for this is the contradicting treatments they receive from their parents, who
sometimes talk to them as adults while at other times consider them as children and
refrain from discussing with them issues of grave importance. This sets the adolescent
thinking and he introspects about his identity and his role in society.
Adolescents also face adjustment problems. Until their late childhood, parents and
teachers helped them to solve their problems; but now, they have to do it on their own.
This makes them apprehensive about failure and the resultant anxiety hinders their
development.
Adolescence is also a stage of unrealism. Adolescents have desires and aspirations
which are beyond their reach. These unrealistic desires become a cause of emotional
instability. They have to take many important decisions during this time regarding their
career and education.
James Marcia (1999) talked about four types of identity in adolescence namely, identity
achievement, identity foreclosures, identity diffusion, and identity moratorium.
Identity achievement occurs when a person explores realistic options and then chooses
one of them. It occurs when children, after class 10 for example, are given a chance to
choose their stream for future studies. However, when all decisions are taken by elders
or parents, identity foreclosure occurs. Identity diffusion happens when adolescents
reach no conclusion about what they want to do with their lives. They have no hope
for the future and become alienated. Identity moratorium signifies identity crises. It
refers to choices getting delayed because of one’s struggle with his or her identity. With
numerous options open and professional counsellors to help, these days it is no more
referred to as identity crisis.
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